#springer-footer .c-hero__title,
#springer-footer .u-h1,
#springer-footer h1 {
  font-weight: 700;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif;
  font-size: 2rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.5rem, 4vw), 2rem);
  letter-spacing: -0.0390625rem;
  letter-spacing: min(max(-0.011715625rem, 4vw), -0.0390625rem);
  line-height: 2.25rem;
  line-height: min(max(1.6rem, 4vw), 2.25rem);
}
#springer-footer .c-card--major .c-card__title,
#springer-footer .u-h2,
#springer-footer .u-h3,
#springer-footer h2 {
  font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif;
  letter-spacing: -0.011715625rem;
}
#springer-footer .c-card--major .c-card__title,
#springer-footer .u-h2,
#springer-footer h2 {
  font-weight: 700;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  font-size: 1.5rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.25rem, 3.5vw), 1.5rem);
  line-height: 1.6rem;
  line-height: min(max(1.4rem, 3.5vw), 1.6rem);
}
#springer-footer .u-h3 {
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.125rem, 3vw), 1.25rem);
}
#springer-footer .c-card__title,
#springer-footer .u-h3,
#springer-footer .u-h4,
#springer-footer h3,
#springer-footer h4,
#springer-footer h5,
#springer-footer h6 {
  font-weight: 700;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  line-height: 1.4rem;
}
#springer-footer .c-card__title {
  font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif;
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.125rem, 3vw), 1.25rem);
}
#springer-footer .u-h4,
#springer-footer h3,
#springer-footer h4,
#springer-footer h5,
#springer-footer h6 {
  letter-spacing: -0.011715625rem;
}
#springer-footer h3 {
  font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif;
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-size: min(max(1.125rem, 3vw), 1.25rem);
}
#springer-footer .u-h4,
#springer-footer h4,
#springer-footer h5,
#springer-footer h6 {
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  font-size: min(max(1rem, 2.5vw), 1.125rem);
}
#springer-footer fieldset {
  border: 0;
}
#springer-footer [contenteditable]:focus,
#springer-footer [tabindex="0"]:focus,
#springer-footer a:focus,
#springer-footer button:focus,
#springer-footer input:focus,
#springer-footer select:focus {
  outline: 3px solid #fece3e;
  will-change: transform;
}
#springer-footer a:active,
#springer-footer button:active {
  outline: 0;
}
#springer-footer input + label {
  padding-left: 0.5em;
}
#springer-footer html {
  height: 100%;
  overflow-y: scroll;
  font-size: 100%;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}
#springer-footer,
#springer-footer table {
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif !important;
}
#springer-footer {
  min-height: 100%;
  line-height: 1.76;
  color: #222;
  background: #eee;
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  background-color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer figure {
  margin: 0;
}
#springer-footer abbr[title] {
  text-decoration: none;
}
#springer-footer a {
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-skip: ink;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;
  vertical-align: baseline;
  color: #069;
}
#springer-footer nav ol,
#springer-footer nav ul {
  list-style: none;
  list-style-image: none;
}
#springer-footer table {
  width: 100%;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  border-spacing: 0;
  font-size: 1rem;
}
#springer-footer td,
#springer-footer th {
  padding: 4px 7px;
  border-right: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  text-align: left;
  line-height: 1.15;
}
#springer-footer th,
#springer-footer th[valign=top] {
  vertical-align: top;
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__link > img,
#springer-footer td,
#springer-footer th[valign=middle] {
  vertical-align: middle;
}
#springer-footer thead tr {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
}
#springer-footer tbody tr {
  border-top: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
}
#springer-footer tbody tr:first-child {
  border-top: 0;
}
#springer-footer th {
  background: #eee;
}
#springer-footer tfoot tr {
  border-top: 2px solid #d5d5d5;
}
#springer-footer tfoot td {
  font-weight: 700;
}
#springer-footer p:empty {
  display: none;
}
#springer-footer html *,
#springer-footer html ::after,
#springer-footer html ::before {
  box-sizing: inherit;
}
#springer-footer .c-ad {
  text-align: center;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 320px) {
  #springer-footer .c-ad {
    padding: 8px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-ad--728x90,
#springer-footer .c-ad--970x90 {
  display: none;
  background-color: #ccc;
}
#springer-footer .c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner,
#springer-footer .c-ad--970x90 .c-ad__inner {
  min-height: calc(1.5em + 4px + 90px);
}
#springer-footer .c-ad--728x90 iframe,
#springer-footer .c-ad--970x90 iframe {
  max-width: 970px;
  height: 90px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .js .c-ad--728x90 {
    display: none;
  }
  #springer-footer .js .u-show-following-ad + .c-ad--728x90 {
    display: block;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-ad--160x600 {
  display: none;
  padding: 0;
  text-align: left;
}
#springer-footer .c-ad--160x600 iframe {
  width: 160px;
  height: 600px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .js .c-ad--160x600 {
    display: block;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-ad--300x250 {
  display: none;
  background-color: transparent;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-ad--300x250 iframe {
  width: 300px;
  height: 250px;
}
#springer-footer .c-ad--300x250 .c-ad__inner {
  min-height: calc(1.5em + 4px + 250px);
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 320px) {
  #springer-footer .js .c-ad--300x250 {
    display: block;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-ad iframe {
  border: 0;
  overflow: auto;
  vertical-align: top;
}
#springer-footer .c-ad__label {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
  font-weight: 400;
  margin-bottom: 4px;
  color: #333;
  line-height: 1.5;
}
#springer-footer .c-author-list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-family: inherit;
  color: #6f6f6f;
  line-height: inherit;
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor__list > li,
#springer-footer .c-author-list > li,
#springer-footer .c-breadcrumbs > li,
#springer-footer .c-footer__links > li,
#springer-footer .js .c-author-list {
  display: inline;
}
#springer-footer .c-author-list > li:not(:first-child):not(:last-child)::before {
  content: ", ";
}
#springer-footer .c-author-list > li:not(:only-child):last-child::before {
  content: " & ";
}
#springer-footer .c-author-list--compact {
  line-height: 1.4;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .c-author-list--truncated > li:not(:only-child):last-child::before {
  content: " ... ";
}
#springer-footer .js .c-author-list__hide {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-author-list__hide:first-child + * {
  -webkit-margin-before: 0;
  margin-block-start: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-banner {
  border-bottom: 0;
  background-color: #fff;
  padding: 8px 24px;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin: 0 auto;
  position: relative;
  text-align: center;
}
#springer-footer .c-banner--compact {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  padding: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .c-banner--contrast {
  background-color: #2f2f2f;
  color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .c-banner--contrast .c-banner__link,
#springer-footer .c-banner--contrast .c-banner__link:hover,
#springer-footer .c-banner--contrast .c-banner__link:visited,
#springer-footer .c-banner--marketing .c-banner__link,
#springer-footer .c-banner--marketing .c-banner__link:hover,
#springer-footer .c-banner--marketing .c-banner__link:visited {
  color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .c-banner--marketing {
  background-color: #004b83;
  border-bottom: 0;
  color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .c-banner--flush {
  padding-left: 0;
  padding-right: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-banner__container {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: space-between;
}
#springer-footer .c-banner__container > :only-child {
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
}
#springer-footer .c-banner__container--center {
  justify-content: center;
}
#springer-footer .c-banner__item {
  flex: 0 1 auto;
  margin: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-banner__link {
  text-decoration: underline;
  color: #626262;
}
#springer-footer .c-banner__link:hover,
#springer-footer .c-banner__link:visited {
  color: #626262;
}
#springer-footer .c-breadcrumbs {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
  color: #000;
}
#springer-footer .c-breadcrumbs__link,
#springer-footer .c-breadcrumbs__link.hover,
#springer-footer .c-breadcrumbs__link.visited,
#springer-footer .c-breadcrumbs__link:hover,
#springer-footer .c-breadcrumbs__link:visited {
  color: #666;
}
#springer-footer svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron {
  margin: 4px 4px 0;
  fill: #888;
  width: 10px;
  height: 10px;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 539px) {
  #springer-footer .c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item {
    display: none;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(1),
  #springer-footer .c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(2) {
    display: inline;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-facet {
  background-color: #eee;
  padding: 8px;
  position: relative;
  font-size: 1rem;
  color: #000;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-facet {
    padding: 16px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-facet--small {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__container {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-facet__container {
    flex-direction: row;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__label {
  display: block;
  font-weight: 700;
  white-space: nowrap;
  margin-right: 24px;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__item {
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  flex: 1 1 100%;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-facet__item {
    margin-right: 4px;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-facet__item:last-of-type {
    margin-right: 8px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .c-facet__item {
    margin-right: 16px;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    position: relative;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__item legend {
  width: 100%;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__button {
  color: #000;
  background: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #000;
  border-radius: 3px;
  font-weight: 400;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 34px;
  position: relative;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__button > svg {
  transition-duration: 0.2s;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__button.is-open {
  text-decoration: none;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__button.is-open svg,
#springer-footer .c-header__item--dropdown-menu .c-header__link.is-open svg {
  transform: rotate(180deg);
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__button--disabled {
  border-color: #c8c8c8;
  color: #c8c8c8;
  cursor: default;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__selected {
  font-weight: 700;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__ellipsis {
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  overflow: hidden;
  text-align: left;
  position: absolute;
  left: 8px;
  top: 25%;
  white-space: nowrap;
  width: calc(100% - 28px);
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 1em;
  height: 1em;
  position: absolute;
  top: 25%;
  right: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__submit {
  background-color: #069;
  border: 1px solid #069;
  border-radius: 3px;
  color: #fff;
  padding: 0.6em 1em;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__submit:hover {
  background: #fff;
  color: #069;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet__clear-all {
  text-decoration: underline;
  flex: 1 1 100%;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  margin-right: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  margin-top: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-facet__clear-all {
  align-self: flex-end;
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .js .c-facet__clear-all {
    margin-bottom: 8px;
  }
}

#springer-footer *
{
	font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
}

#springer-footer button, #springer-footer input, #springer-footer optgroup, #springer-footer select, #springer-footer textarea {
	font-family: inherit;
	font-size: 100%;
	line-height: 1.15;
	margin: 0;
}

#springer-footer button {
	cursor: pointer;
	font-family: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;
	border-radius: 0;
}

#springer-footer .c-footer {
  background-color: #01324b;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif !important;
  padding-top: 32px;
  padding-bottom: 32px;
  color: #fff;
  line-height: 1.15;
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__container {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1280px;
  padding: 0 16px;
}
@media print {
  #springer-footer .c-footer__container {
    display: none;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__links {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0 0 32px;
  line-height: 2;
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__links li:not(:last-child) {
  margin-right: 24px;
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__legal {
  color: #fff;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-top: 4px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__link {
  color: inherit;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__link.hover,
#springer-footer .c-footer__link.visited,
#springer-footer .c-footer__link:hover,
#springer-footer .c-footer__link:visited {
  color: inherit;
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__link:focus {
  outline: 4px solid #fc0;
}
#springer-footer button.c-footer__link {
  text-decoration: underline;
  border: 0;
  padding: 0;
  background: 0 0;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__grid {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}
@supports (display: grid) {
  #springer-footer .c-footer__grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr));
    grid-column-gap: 16px;
    grid-row-gap: 32px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__group {
  flex: 1 1 50%;
  max-width: 50%;
  padding-right: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .c-footer__group {
    flex-basis: 25%;
    max-width: 25%;
  }
}
@supports (display: grid) {
  #springer-footer .c-footer__group {
    padding-right: 0;
    max-width: none;
    margin-bottom: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__group--separator {
  border-bottom: 2px solid #fff;
  margin-bottom: 32px;
  padding-bottom: 32px;
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__heading {
  color: #fff;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__heading--visually-hidden {
  border: 0;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  height: 1px;
  margin: -100%;
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 0;
  position: absolute !important;
  width: 1px;
}
#springer-footer .c-footer__item:not(:last-child) {
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet-expander__list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet-expander__button-container {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden;
}
#springer-footer .c-facet-expander__button-container:first-child + *,
#springer-footer .c-header__menu--global svg:first-child + * {
  -webkit-margin-before: 0;
  margin-block-start: 0;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-facet-expander {
  background-color: #000;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  padding: 24px;
  position: absolute;
  top: 100%;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  z-index: 1;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .js .c-facet-expander {
    transform: translateY(8px);
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .js .c-facet-expander {
    transform: translateY(16px);
    min-width: 290px;
    width: auto;
  }
}
#springer-footer .js .c-facet-expander__list {
  color: #7b7b7b;
  font-size: 1rem;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-facet-expander__list-item {
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-facet-expander__link {
  color: #fff;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .js .c-facet-expander__link {
    white-space: nowrap;
  }
}
#springer-footer .js .c-facet-expander__link--underline {
  text-decoration: underline;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-facet-expander__button-container {
  display: block;
  visibility: visible;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: flex-end;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-facet-expander__clear-selection {
  text-decoration: underline;
  background: 0 0;
  color: #fff;
  border: 0;
  align-self: center;
}
#springer-footer .l-with-sidebar {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}
#springer-footer .l-with-sidebar > * {
  margin: 0;
}
#springer-footer .l-with-sidebar__sidebar {
  flex-grow: 1;
  flex-basis: 454px;
  flex-basis: var(--with-sidebar--basis, 454px);
}
#springer-footer .l-with-sidebar > :not(.l-with-sidebar__sidebar) {
  flex-basis: 0;
  flex-grow: 999;
  min-width: 53%;
  min-width: var(--with-sidebar--min, 53%);
}
#springer-footer .l-with-sidebar > :first-child {
  padding-right: 64px;
}
@supports (gap: 1em) {
  #springer-footer .l-with-sidebar > :first-child {
    padding-right: 0;
  }
  #springer-footer .l-with-sidebar {
    gap: var(--with-sidebar--gap, 64px);
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-list-description {
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  width: 100%;
}
#springer-footer .c-list-description__item {
  margin-bottom: 24px;
}
#springer-footer .c-list-description__details p:last-child,
#springer-footer .c-list-description__item:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-list-description__term {
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-list-description__details {
  display: block;
}
#springer-footer .c-list-description__details p {
  display: block;
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-list-group {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  line-height: 1.4;
}
#springer-footer .c-list-group--xs .c-list-group__item {
  padding: 4px 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-list-group--sm .c-list-group__item {
  padding: 8px 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-list-group--md .c-list-group__item {
  padding: 16px 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-list-group--lg .c-list-group__item {
  padding: 24px 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-list-group--bordered .c-list-group__item:not(:last-child) {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
}
#springer-footer .c-list-group--flush .c-list-group__item:first-child {
  padding-top: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-list-group--flush .c-list-group__item:last-child {
  padding-bottom: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
  display: flex;
  line-height: 1.3;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu__item:not(:last-child) {
  margin-right: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu__link {
  display: inline-block;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: inherit;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu__link:active,
#springer-footer .c-menu__link:visited {
  color: inherit;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu__link:hover,
#springer-footer .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu--small {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu--vertical {
  flex-direction: column;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu--vertical .c-menu__item:not(:last-child) {
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  margin-left: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu--keyline .c-menu__item:not(:last-child) {
  margin-right: 16px;
  padding-right: 16px;
  border-right: 1px solid #eee;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu--vertical.c-menu--keyline .c-menu__item:not(:last-child) {
  margin: 0 0 16px;
  padding: 0 0 16px;
  border-right: none;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu--padded .c-menu__item:not(:last-child),
#springer-footer .c-menu--padded.c-menu--keyline .c-menu__item:not(:last-child),
#springer-footer .c-menu--vertical.c-menu--padded .c-menu__item:not(:last-child) {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu--padded .c-menu__link {
  padding: 16px;
  display: block;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu--padded .c-menu__link:hover {
  background-color: #eee;
}
#springer-footer .c-menu--inherit .c-menu__link,
#springer-footer .c-menu--inherit .c-menu__link.hover,
#springer-footer .c-menu--inherit .c-menu__link.visited,
#springer-footer .c-menu--inherit .c-menu__link:hover,
#springer-footer .c-menu--inherit .c-menu__link:visited,
#springer-footer .c-meta {
  color: inherit;
}
#springer-footer .c-meta {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
}
#springer-footer .c-meta--large {
  font-size: 1rem;
}
#springer-footer .c-meta--large .c-meta__item {
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-meta__item {
  display: inline-block;
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .c-meta__item:not(:last-child) {
  border-right: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-right: 4px;
  margin-right: 4px;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 539px) {
  #springer-footer .c-meta__item--block-sm-max {
    display: block;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-meta__item--block-sm-max:not(:last-child) {
    border-right: none;
    margin-right: 0;
    padding-right: 0;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .c-meta__item--block-at-lg {
    display: block;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-meta__item--block-at-lg:not(:last-child) {
    border-right: none;
    margin-right: 0;
    padding-right: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-meta__type {
  text-transform: none;
  font-weight: 700;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  padding: 16px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-pagination {
    justify-content: center;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__item {
  margin-right: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__item:last-child {
  margin-right: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link {
  align-items: center;
  cursor: pointer;
  display: inline-flex;
  margin: 0;
  position: relative;
  text-decoration: none;
  width: auto;
  font-family: sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.3;
  justify-content: center;
  padding: 8px;
  transition: 0.25s ease, color 0.25s ease, border-color 0.25s ease;
  border-radius: 2px;
  color: #069;
  background-color: transparent;
  background-image: none;
  min-width: 30px;
  text-align: center;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link svg,
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link--disabled svg {
  fill: currentColor;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link:visited {
  color: #069;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link,
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link:hover {
  border: 1px solid #069;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link:focus {
  border: 1px solid #069;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link:focus,
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link:hover {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #069;
  background-image: none;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link:focus svg path,
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link:hover svg path {
  fill: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link--disabled {
  align-items: center;
  display: inline-flex;
  margin: 0;
  position: relative;
  width: auto;
  font-family: sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.3;
  justify-content: center;
  padding: 8px;
  transition: 0.25s ease, color 0.25s ease, border-color 0.25s ease;
  border-radius: 2px;
  color: #222;
  background-color: transparent;
  background-image: none;
  opacity: 0.7;
  cursor: default;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link--disabled:visited,
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--is-visible .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label a {
  color: #222;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link--disabled,
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link--disabled:hover {
  border: 1px solid #eee;
  text-decoration: none;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link--disabled:focus {
  border: 1px solid #eee;
  text-decoration: none;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link--disabled:focus,
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link--disabled:hover {
  color: #222;
  background-color: transparent;
  background-image: none;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link--disabled:focus svg path,
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link--disabled:hover svg path {
  fill: #222;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__link--active {
  color: #fff;
  border-color: #888;
  background-color: #888;
  background-image: none;
  cursor: default;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__ellipsis {
  background: 0 0;
  border: 0;
  min-width: auto;
  padding-left: 0;
  padding-right: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__icon {
  fill: #bbb;
  width: 16px;
  height: 12px;
}
#springer-footer .c-pagination__icon--active {
  fill: #004b83;
}
#springer-footer .c-pill {
  display: inline-block;
  padding: 5px 10px;
  border: 1px solid #004b83;
  border-radius: 20px;
  color: #004b83;
  background-color: #ebf6ff;
  font-weight: 700;
  margin-right: 4px;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-pill--secondary {
  color: #222;
  border-color: #222;
  background-color: #eee;
}
#springer-footer .c-pill--borderless {
  border: 0;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-popup {
  position: absolute;
  font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif;
  z-index: 100;
  padding: 16px;
  border: 1px solid #222;
  box-shadow: 0 0 5px 0 rgba(162, 162, 162, 0.1);
  width: auto;
  border-radius: 2px;
  background-color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-popup__close {
  position: absolute;
  display: block;
  top: 16px;
  right: 16px;
  height: 16px;
  background: url("data:image/svg+xml,%0A%3Csvg height='16' viewBox='0 0 16 16' width='16' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='m2.29679575 12.2772478c-.39658757.3965876-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062148 1.4265779.39651227.3965123 1.03246768.3934888 1.42657791-.0006214l4.27724782-4.27724787 4.2772478 4.27724787c.3965876.3965875 1.0328109.3943884 1.4265779.0006214.3965123-.3965122.3934888-1.0324677-.0006214-1.4265779l-4.27724787-4.2772478 4.27724787-4.27724782c.3965875-.39658757.3943884-1.03281091.0006214-1.42657791-.3965122-.39651226-1.0324677-.39348875-1.4265779.00062148l-4.2772478 4.27724782-4.27724782-4.27724782c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.42657791-.00062148-.39651226.39651227-.39348875 1.03246768.00062148 1.42657791l4.27724782 4.27724782z' fill='%23666' fill-rule='evenodd'/%3E%3C/svg%3E") no-repeat;
  border: 0;
  padding-right: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-popup__close-text {
  border: 0;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  height: 1px;
  margin: -100%;
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 0;
  position: absolute !important;
  width: 1px;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-popup__arrow {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  width: 20px;
  height: 20px;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-top: 1px solid #222;
  border-left: 1px solid #222;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-popup__arrow--above {
  bottom: -11px;
  transform: rotate(225deg);
}
#springer-footer .js .c-popup__arrow--below {
  top: -11px;
  transform: rotate(45deg);
}
#springer-footer .c-skip-link {
  background: #069;
  color: #fff;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
  text-align: center;
  padding: 8px;
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  bottom: auto;
  z-index: 9999;
  transform: translateY(-100%);
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  #springer-footer .c-skip-link {
    transition: top 0.3s ease-in-out;
  }
}
@media print {
  #springer-footer .c-skip-link {
    display: none;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-skip-link:active,
#springer-footer .c-skip-link:hover,
#springer-footer .c-skip-link:link,
#springer-footer .c-skip-link:visited {
  color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .c-skip-link:focus {
  transform: translateY(0);
}
#springer-footer .c-status-message {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}
#springer-footer .c-card__summary > p:last-child,
#springer-footer .c-status-message :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-status-message--boxed {
  background-color: #fff;
  border-radius: 2px;
  border: 1px solid #eee;
  line-height: 1.4;
  padding: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .c-status-message__heading {
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 700;
}
#springer-footer .c-status-message__icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 1.5em;
  height: 1.5em;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  margin-right: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-status-message__icon--top {
  align-self: flex-start;
}
#springer-footer .c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon {
  color: #003f8d;
}
#springer-footer .c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #003f8d;
}
#springer-footer .c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon {
  color: #c40606;
}
#springer-footer .c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #c40606;
}
#springer-footer .c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon {
  color: #00b8b0;
}
#springer-footer .c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #00b8b0;
}
#springer-footer .c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon {
  color: #edbc53;
}
#springer-footer .c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning {
  border-bottom: 4px solid #edbc53;
}
#springer-footer .c-header {
  background-color: #fff;
  border-bottom: 5px solid #000;
  font-size: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  line-height: 1.4;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__row {
  position: relative;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__row:not(:last-child) {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__split {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: space-between;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__logo-container {
  flex: 1 1 0;
  margin: 8px 24px 8px 0;
  line-height: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__logo {
  transform: translateZ(0);
}
#springer-footer .c-header__logo img {
  max-height: 32px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__container {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1280px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__menu {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  gap: 8px;
  align-items: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  flex: 0 1 auto;
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.4;
  margin: 0 -8px;
}
@media print {
  #springer-footer .c-header__menu {
    display: none;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__menu--hide-lg-max {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-header__menu--hide-lg-max:first-child + * {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-header__menu--global {
  font-weight: 400;
  justify-content: flex-end;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__menu--global svg {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__menu--global svg {
    display: block;
    visibility: visible;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-header__menu--journal {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  margin: 8px 0 8px -8px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__menu--journal {
    flex-wrap: nowrap;
    font-size: 1rem;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-header__item {
  position: static;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__item--pipe {
  border-left: 2px solid #eee;
  padding-left: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__item--padding {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__item--dropdown-menu {
    position: relative;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__item--hide-lg {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-header__item--hide-lg:first-child + * {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__item--hide-lg-max {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-header__item--hide-lg-max:first-child + * {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__item--hide-md-max {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-header__item--hide-md-max:first-child + * {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-header__link {
  color: inherit;
  padding: 8px;
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 4px;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__link.hover,
#springer-footer .c-header__link.visited,
#springer-footer .c-header__link:hover,
#springer-footer .c-header__link:visited {
  color: inherit;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__link ::first-letter {
  text-transform: capitalize;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__link svg {
  transition-duration: 0.2s;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__show-text {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__show-text:first-child + *,
#springer-footer .has-tethered .c-header__heading--js-hide:first-child + * {
  -webkit-margin-before: 0;
  margin-block-start: 0;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__show-text {
    display: inline;
    visibility: visible;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-header__dropdown {
  background-color: #000;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #2f2f2f;
  color: #eee;
  padding: 16px 0;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  line-height: 1.2;
}
@media print {
  #springer-footer .c-header__dropdown {
    display: none;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-header__heading {
  display: inline-block;
  line-height: 1.4;
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
  font-weight: 400;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__heading--keyline {
  border-top: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-top: 16px;
  margin-top: 16px;
  border-color: #2f2f2f;
  width: 100%;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__list {
  list-style: none;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0 16px;
  margin: 0 -8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__flush {
  margin: 0 -8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__visually-hidden {
  border: 0;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  height: 1px;
  margin: -100%;
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 0;
  position: absolute !important;
  width: 1px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__search-form {
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__search-layout {
  display: flex;
  gap: 16px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__search-layout > :first-child {
  flex: 999 1 auto;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__search-layout > * {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__search-layout--max-width {
  max-width: 720px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__search-button {
  align-items: center;
  cursor: pointer;
  display: inline-flex;
  margin: 0;
  position: relative;
  text-decoration: none;
  font-family: sans-serif;
  font-size: 1rem;
  justify-content: center;
  transition: 0.25s ease, color 0.25s ease, border-color 0.25s ease;
  border-radius: 2px;
  background-image: none;
  display: flex;
  width: 100%;
  border: 1px solid #fff;
  color: #fff;
  background-color: transparent;
  line-height: 1.15;
  padding: 8px 16px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__link.is-open svg,
#springer-footer .c-header__search-button svg,
#springer-footer .c-search__button svg,
#springer-footer .u-button svg,
#springer-footer .u-button--contrast svg,
#springer-footer .u-button--primary svg {
  fill: currentColor;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__search-button:visited {
  color: #069;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__search-button:hover {
  border: 1px solid #069;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__search-button:focus {
  border: 1px solid #069;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__search-button:focus,
#springer-footer .c-header__search-button:hover {
  background-image: none;
  background-color: #fff;
  color: #000;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__search-button:focus svg path,
#springer-footer .c-header__search-button:hover svg path,
#springer-footer .u-button:focus svg path,
#springer-footer .u-button:hover svg path {
  fill: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__input,
#springer-footer .c-header__select {
  padding: 8px 16px;
  border: 1px solid;
  border-radius: 3px;
  font-size: 1rem;
  width: 100%;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__select {
  display: block;
  min-width: 150px;
  max-width: 100%;
  margin: 0;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
  -webkit-appearance: none;
  -moz-appearance: none;
  appearance: none;
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg height='16' viewBox='0 0 16 16' width='16' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z' fill='%23333' fill-rule='evenodd' transform='matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: right 0.7em top 50%;
  background-size: 1em auto;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__select::-ms-expand {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__select::-ms-expand:first-child + * {
  margin-block-start: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__link.is-open {
  color: #069;
  background-color: #eee;
  border-radius: 2px;
  text-decoration: none;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__menu--journal .c-header__item--dropdown-menu:last-child .c-header__dropdown.has-tethered {
    left: auto;
    right: 0;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__menu--journal .c-header__item--dropdown-menu:last-child .c-header__dropdown.has-tethered {
    left: 0;
    right: auto;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-header__dropdown.has-tethered {
  position: absolute;
  top: 100%;
  transform: translateY(5px);
  z-index: 1;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  border-radius: 0 0 2px 2px;
  border-bottom: 0;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__dropdown.has-tethered {
    transform: translateY(8px);
    width: auto;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__dropdown.has-tethered {
    min-width: 225px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-header__dropdown--full-width.has-tethered {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 32px 0 24px;
  transform: none;
}
#springer-footer .has-tethered .c-header__heading--js-hide {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden;
}
#springer-footer .has-tethered .c-header__list--js-stack {
  flex-direction: column;
}
#springer-footer .has-tethered .c-header__item--keyline,
#springer-footer .has-tethered .c-header__list ~ .c-header__list .c-header__item:first-child {
  border-top: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-top: 8px;
  margin-top: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-hero {
  position: relative;
  color: #fff;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
@supports (display: flex) {
  @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
    #springer-footer .c-hero {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: row-reverse;
    }
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {
  #springer-footer .c-hero--flush-md-max {
    margin-left: -16px;
    margin-right: -16px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu-item a.hover,
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu-item a.visited,
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu-item a:hover,
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu-item a:visited,
#springer-footer .c-hero__link,
#springer-footer .c-hero__link:hover,
#springer-footer .c-hero__link:visited,
#springer-footer .c-section-heading__link.hover,
#springer-footer .c-section-heading__link.visited,
#springer-footer .c-section-heading__link:hover,
#springer-footer .c-section-heading__link:visited {
  color: inherit;
}
#springer-footer .c-hero__link::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-hero__copy {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .c-hero__copy {
    flex: 1 1 50%;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-hero__image {
    flex: 1 1 50%;
    max-width: none;
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
    min-height: 260px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-hero__image img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  -o-object-fit: cover;
  object-fit: cover;
  vertical-align: top;
}
#springer-footer .c-hero__copy {
  background-color: #29303c;
  padding: 16px;
}
@supports (display: flex) {
  @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
    #springer-footer .c-hero__copy {
      max-width: calc(40% + 8px);
    }
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .c-hero__copy {
    padding: 32px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-hero__title {
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .c-hero__title {
    font-size: min(max(1.5rem, 3vw), 2rem);
    line-height: min(max(1.6rem, 3vw), 2.25rem);
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-hero__summary {
  line-height: 1.4;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .c-section-heading {
  border-top: 5px solid #000;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #000;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  margin-bottom: 24px;
  line-height: 1.4;
}
#springer-footer .c-section-heading h1,
#springer-footer .c-section-heading h2,
#springer-footer .c-section-heading h3,
#springer-footer .c-section-heading h4,
#springer-footer .c-section-heading h5,
#springer-footer .c-section-heading h6 {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-section-heading--no-bt {
  border-top: 0;
  padding-top: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-section-heading__link {
  color: inherit;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
}
#springer-footer .c-section-heading__icon {
  margin-left: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .c-collections-sub-nav {
  background-color: #eee;
  padding: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 48px;
}
#springer-footer .c-collections-sub-nav a {
  color: #000;
}
#springer-footer .c-collections-subnav--active {
  font-weight: 700;
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-skip: ink;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-collections .c-list-description__item {
  margin-bottom: 24px;
  margin-right: 16px;
  padding-right: 16px;
  border-right: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-collections .c-list-description__item {
    margin-right: 32px;
    padding-right: 32px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-collections .c-list-description__item:last-child {
  margin-right: 0;
  padding-right: 0;
  border-right: none;
}
#springer-footer .app-collections .c-list-description__item:last-child:not(:only-child) {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
#springer-footer .app-collections.c-pill {
  font-size: 0.75rem;
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor {
  border-top: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-top: 48px;
  margin-top: 48px;
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor__text {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  line-height: 1.2;
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor__list {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  gap: 16px;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  margin: 0 0 8px;
  align-items: stretch;
  justify-content: flex-start;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-sponsor__list {
    flex-wrap: initial;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor__list li {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  flex-basis: calc(33.3333333333vw - 32px);
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor__link > :only-child,
#springer-footer .app-sponsor__list li > :only-child {
  margin-top: auto;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-sponsor__list li {
    flex-basis: initial;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor__list > li:nth-of-type(n + 4) {
  margin-top: 16px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-sponsor__list > li:nth-of-type(n + 4) {
    margin-top: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor__link {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: space-between;
  height: 100%;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-sponsor__link {
    justify-content: initial;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor__image {
  max-height: 75px;
}
#springer-footer .c-search {
  line-height: 1.3;
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
  font-weight: 400;
}
#springer-footer .c-search--background {
  background-color: #eee;
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 32px 16px;
}
#springer-footer .c-search--max-width {
  max-width: 720px;
}
#springer-footer .c-search__field {
  display: flex;
  flex-flow: row wrap;
  align-items: center;
}
#springer-footer .c-search__input-container {
  flex: 1 0 100%;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-search__input-container--sm {
    flex: 999 1 auto;
    margin-right: 16px;
    margin-bottom: 0;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .c-search__input-container--md {
    flex: 999 1 auto;
    margin-right: 16px;
    margin-bottom: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-search__input-label {
  display: block;
  padding-left: 0;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-search__select-container {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-search__select-container {
    flex: 999 1 auto;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    margin-right: 16px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .c-search__select-container {
    flex: 1 0 auto;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-search__button-container {
  flex: 1 0 100%;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-search__button-container {
    flex: 1 0 auto;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-search__button-container + * {
  padding-top: 8px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-search__button-container + * {
    margin-left: 16px;
    padding-top: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-search__button-container:focus-within {
  outline: 3px solid #fece3e;
}
#springer-footer .c-search__button,
#springer-footer .c-search__input,
#springer-footer .c-search__select {
  padding: 0.6em 1em;
  border: 1px solid;
  border-radius: 3px;
  font-size: 1rem;
}
#springer-footer .c-search__input,
#springer-footer .c-search__select {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  width: 100%;
  background-color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .c-search__select {
  display: block;
  min-width: 150px;
  max-width: 100%;
  margin: 0;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
  -webkit-appearance: none;
  -moz-appearance: none;
  appearance: none;
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg height='16' viewBox='0 0 16 16' width='16' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z' fill='%23333' fill-rule='evenodd' transform='matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: right 0.7em top 50%;
  background-size: 1em auto;
}
#springer-footer .c-search__select::-ms-expand {
  display: none;
}
#springer-footer .c-search__select--width-auto {
  width: auto;
}
#springer-footer .c-search__button {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  border-color: #069;
  background-color: #069;
  color: #fff;
  width: 100%;
}
#springer-footer .c-search__button:hover {
  background-color: #fff;
  color: #069;
}
#springer-footer .c-search__button--width-auto {
  width: auto;
}
#springer-footer .c-search__button-text {
  margin-right: 8px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-search__button-text--hide-at-sm {
    border: 0;
    clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
    height: 1px;
    margin: -100%;
    overflow: hidden;
    padding: 0;
    position: absolute !important;
    width: 1px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-search__link {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  text-decoration: underline;
}
#springer-footer .c-search__link:hover {
  text-decoration: none;
}
#springer-footer .c-video-provider {
  position: relative;
  padding-bottom: 56.25%;
  height: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-video-provider iframe {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
}
#springer-footer .c-video-provider__preview-button {
  border-width: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-video-provider-grid--auto-fill {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}
#springer-footer .c-video-provider-grid--auto-fill > * {
  width: 270px;
  flex: 0 1 auto;
  margin-right: 30px;
}
@supports (display: grid) {
  #springer-footer .c-video-provider-grid--auto-fill {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(var(--column-width, 270px), 1fr));
    grid-column-gap: var(--column-gap, 30px);
    grid-row-gap: var(--row-gap, 15px);
  }
  #springer-footer .c-video-provider-grid--auto-fill > * {
    width: auto;
    margin-right: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-video-provider-grid--two-or-4 {
  display: grid;
  justify-items: center;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  grid-column-gap: var(--column-gap, 30px);
  grid-row-gap: var(--row-gap, 15px);
}
@media (min-width: 615px) {
  #springer-footer .c-video-provider-grid--two-or-4 {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant {
  padding-top: 15px;
  padding-bottom: 15px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .js .js-visually-hidden,
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .visually-hidden {
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  position: absolute !important;
  clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .serif,
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant.serif {
  font-family: "Harding", "Palatino", "Times", "Times New Roman", serif;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .sans-serif,
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant.sans-serif {
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Roboto", "Oxygen-Sans", "Ubuntu", "Cantarell", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .content {
  max-width: 1280px;
  margin: 0 auto;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .box-sizing {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .pin-right {
  float: right;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .text13 {
  font-size: 0.8125rem;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .text14 {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .block {
  display: block;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .strong {
  font-weight: 700;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .tighten-line-height {
  line-height: 1.4;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .extra-tight-line-height {
  line-height: 1.3;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .border-gray {
  border-style: solid;
  border-width: 0;
  border-color: #999;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .border-all-1 {
  border-width: 1px;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .pa10 {
  padding: 10px;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid {
  float: left;
  padding-left: 0 !important;
  padding-right: 0 !important;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid,
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-inline {
  margin-right: 3.2%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .last {
  margin-right: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-1 {
  width: 5.4%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-2 {
  width: 14%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-3 {
  width: 22.6%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-4 {
  width: 31.2%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-5 {
  width: 39.8%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-6 {
  width: 48.4%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-7 {
  width: 57%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-8 {
  width: 65.6%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-9 {
  width: 74.2%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-10 {
  width: 82.8%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-11 {
  width: 91.4%;
}
#springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card__image picture,
#springer-footer .app-article-list-row__item .c-card__image picture,
#springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-card__image picture,
#springer-footer .app-featured-row__item .c-card__image picture,
#springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__item .c-card__image picture,
#springer-footer .app-native-ad__content .c-card__image picture,
#springer-footer .app-news-row__item .c-card__image picture,
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item .c-card__image picture,
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__side-item .c-card__image picture,
#springer-footer .app-subjects-row__item .c-card__image picture,
#springer-footer .app-three-item-row__item .c-card__image picture,
#springer-footer .c-card__image img,
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-12 {
  width: 100%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-left-1 {
  margin-left: 8.6%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-right-1 {
  margin-right: 8.6%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-left-2 {
  margin-left: 17.2%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-right-2 {
  margin-right: 17.2%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-left-3 {
  margin-left: 25.8%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-right-3 {
  margin-right: 25.8%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-left-4 {
  margin-left: 34.4%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-right-4 {
  margin-right: 34.4%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-left-5 {
  margin-left: 43%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-right-5 {
  margin-right: 43%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-left-6 {
  margin-left: 51.6%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-right-6 {
  margin-right: 51.6%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-left-7 {
  margin-left: 60.2%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-right-7 {
  margin-right: 60.2%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-left-8 {
  margin-left: 68.8%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-right-8 {
  margin-right: 68.8%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-left-9 {
  margin-left: 77.4%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-right-9 {
  margin-right: 77.4%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-left-10 {
  margin-left: 86%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-right-10 {
  margin-right: 86%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-left-11 {
  margin-left: 94.6%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-right-11 {
  margin-right: 94.6%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-1of4 {
  width: 25%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-1of3 {
  width: 33.3333333333%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-1of2 {
  width: 50%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-3of4 {
  width: 75%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-1of5 {
  width: 20%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-2of5 {
  width: 40%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-3of5 {
  width: 60%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-4of5 {
  width: 80%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-split-margin-left {
  margin-left: 1.6%;
  padding-left: 1.6% !important;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .grid-split-margin-right {
  margin-right: 1.6%;
  padding-right: 1.6% !important;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing {
  position: fixed;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  width: 100%;
  background-color: #069;
  color: #fff;
  box-shadow: 0 0 10px 0 rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.2);
  transform: translateY(100%);
  transition: transform 0.6s ease-in-out, background-color 1s ease-in-out 1.2s, color 1s ease-in-out 1s;
  border-bottom: none;
  z-index: 2;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing .icon--inline {
  position: relative;
  border: 0;
  border-radius: 0;
  padding: 10px;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing .icon--inline svg {
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  margin-right: -50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing .icon--inline path {
  transition: transform 0.6s ease-in-out, fill 1s ease-in-out 1.2s, color 1s ease-in-out 1s;
  fill: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing .c-site-messages__close {
  border: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing .c-site-messages__close-container {
  width: auto;
  position: relative;
  text-align: right;
  display: inline-block;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing .c-site-messages__close-container svg {
  width: 25px;
  height: 25px;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing.c-site-messages .c-site-messages__close {
  background: 0 0;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 960px) {
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing.c-site-messages .c-site-messages__close {
    margin-top: 12px;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant.c-site-messages .c-site-messages__banner-large .c-site-messages__close {
    margin-top: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-large .c-site-messages__close-container {
  width: 100%;
  float: right;
  margin-top: -5px;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-large .c-site-messages__form-container {
  float: none;
  width: 100%;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-large .c-site-messages__close-container {
    width: 30px;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-large .c-site-messages__form-container {
    float: left;
    width: calc(100% - 30px);
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing .c-site-messages__close {
  vertical-align: top;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-small .c-site-messages__content {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 89%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-small .c-site-messages__close-container {
  position: relative;
  text-align: right;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 10%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing .nature-briefing__link {
  text-align: center;
  text-transform: none;
  border-radius: unset;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #fff;
  color: #069;
  white-space: normal;
  font-weight: 400;
  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
  padding: 10px 15px;
  display: inline-block;
  margin-top: 10px;
  transition: transform 0.6s ease-in-out, border 1s ease-in-out 1s;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 960px) {
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing .nature-briefing__link {
    margin-left: 15px;
    margin-top: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--is-visible {
  transform: translateY(0);
  background-color: #fff;
  color: #222;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--is-visible .icon--inline path,
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .c-site-messages__close-container:hover .c-site-messages__close svg path {
  fill: #069;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--is-visible .nature-briefing__link {
  border: 1px solid #069;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--nature-briefing .c-site-messages__close {
  color: #069;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 700px) {
  #springer-footer .u-hide-on-mobile {
    display: none;
  }
}
#springer-footer .nature-briefing-banner__email-input {
  width: 100%;
  margin-right: 1em;
  border-color: #222;
}
#springer-footer .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label {
  display: inline-block;
  cursor: pointer;
  position: relative;
  padding-left: 33px;
  max-width: 467px;
}
#springer-footer .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label:before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 6px;
  left: 0;
  width: 24px;
  height: 24px;
  border: 1px solid currentColor;
  border-radius: 0;
  background: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label:after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 12px;
  left: 5px;
  width: 14px;
  height: 7px;
  transform: rotate(-45deg);
  border: solid;
  border-width: 0 0 2px 2px;
  border-top-color: transparent;
  opacity: 0;
  background: 0 0;
}
#springer-footer .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-checkbox {
  font-size: 20px;
  cursor: pointer;
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 1;
  top: 4px;
  left: -2px;
  width: 28px;
  height: 28px;
  margin: 0;
  opacity: 0;
}
#springer-footer .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-checkbox:checked + .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label:after {
  opacity: 1;
}
#springer-footer .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-checkbox:focus + .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label:before,
#springer-footer .nature-briefing-banner__submit-button:focus {
  outline: 3px solid #fece3e;
}
#springer-footer .nature-briefing-banner__submit-button {
  border: 1px solid #fff;
  background: #069;
  color: #fff;
  line-height: 1.2;
  font-size: 1rem;
  padding: 7px 20px;
  text-align: center;
  width: auto;
  float: left;
  transition: border 1s ease-in-out 1s;
}
#springer-footer .nature-briefing-banner__submit-button:disabled {
  background-color: #777;
  color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages--is-visible .nature-briefing-banner__submit-button {
  border: 1px solid #069;
}
#springer-footer .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label a {
  color: #fff;
  font-weight: 700;
  transition: color 1s ease-in-out 1s;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-large,
#springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-small {
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding-left: 16px;
  padding-right: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-large {
  display: none;
  max-width: 1280px;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-large:after,
#springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-large:before {
  content: " ";
  display: table;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-large:after {
  clear: both;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-small {
  display: block;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 641px) {
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-large {
    display: block;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages__banner-small {
    display: none;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #29303b;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: right top;
  background-image: url(https://www.nature.com/static/images/icons/briefing-banner-illustration-5372e1c1d4.png);
  transition: transform 0.6s ease-in-out;
  padding-right: 120px;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1040px) {
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 {
    background-position: 666px 0;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 870px) {
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 {
    background-position: calc(85% + 374px - 120px) 0;
    padding-right: 15%;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 640px) {
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 {
    background-position: calc(100% + 374px - 200px) 0;
    padding-right: 100px;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .nature-briefing__link {
    display: block;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 480px) {
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 {
    background-image: none;
    padding-right: 0;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .c-site-messages__banner-small .c-site-messages__content {
    width: 100%;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .c-site-messages__banner-small .c-site-messages--nature-briefing__strapline {
    display: block;
    width: 89%;
    margin-top: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .content {
  max-width: none;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .icon--inline path {
  transition: none;
  fill: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .c-site-messages__close-container {
  width: 25px;
  height: 25px;
  position: absolute;
  right: 10px;
  top: 10px;
  background: #29303b;
  border-radius: 12.5px;
  border: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .c-site-messages__close-container:hover {
  background: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .c-site-messages__banner-small .c-site-messages__close-container {
  text-align: center;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .c-site-messages--nature-briefing__strapline {
  margin-top: 10px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  font-size: 14px;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1040px) {
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .c-site-messages--nature-briefing__strapline {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-size: 1rem;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) {
  #springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .c-site-messages--nature-briefing__strapline {
    font-size: 18px;
    font-size: 1.125rem;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label:before {
  border-color: transparent;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label:after {
  border-color: transparent #222 #222;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label a {
  font-weight: 400;
  text-decoration: underline;
  color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .nature-briefing-banner__email-label {
  display: block;
  padding-left: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .nature-briefing-banner__email-wrapper {
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .nature-briefing-banner__email-input {
  display: inline-block;
  float: none;
  width: 70%;
  max-width: 500px;
  border: 1px solid #fff;
  border-radius: 2px;
  padding: 8px 10px 7px;
  font-size: 15px;
  font-size: 0.9375rem;
  line-height: 15px;
  line-height: 0.9375rem;
  vertical-align: top;
  margin-right: 1%;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .nature-briefing-banner__submit-button {
  display: inline-block;
  float: none;
  transition: none;
  background-color: #29303b;
  border-radius: 2px;
  border: 1px solid #fff;
  padding: 8px 2%;
  font-size: 15px;
  font-size: 0.9375rem;
  line-height: 15px;
  line-height: 0.9375rem;
  vertical-align: top;
  width: 15%;
  min-width: 75px;
  max-width: 90px;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .nature-briefing-banner__submit-button:hover,
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .nature-briefing__link:hover {
  color: #29303b;
  background-color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-wrapper {
  position: relative;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 .nature-briefing__link {
  border: 1px solid #fff;
  transition: none;
  border-radius: 2px;
  background-color: #29303b;
  color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-cancer {
  border-top: 5px solid #1951a0;
}
#springer-footer .c-site-messages.c-site-messages--nature-briefing-transres {
  border-top: 5px solid #c6d531;
}
#springer-footer .hide {
  display: none;
}
#springer-footer .container-type-banner-advert,
#springer-footer .leaderboard-container,
#springer-footer .leaderboard-or-billboard-container {
  display: none;
  font-size: 0;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .container-type-banner-advert,
  #springer-footer .leaderboard-container,
  #springer-footer .leaderboard-or-billboard-container {
    display: block;
    padding: 8px 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .leaderboard-container,
#springer-footer .leaderboard-or-billboard-container {
  background-color: #44444e;
  text-align: center;
}
#springer-footer .leaderboard-or-billboard-inner {
  display: inline-block;
  min-width: 728px;
  max-width: 100%;
  position: relative;
  min-height: 90px;
  line-height: 0;
  word-spacing: 0;
}
#springer-footer .ad-with-label::after,
#springer-footer .ad-with-label::before {
  content: "Advertisement";
  color: #fff;
  background: #999;
  font-size: 9px;
  line-height: 13px;
  font-family: "arial", sans-serif;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  position: absolute;
  word-spacing: 0;
  max-height: 100%;
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
}
#springer-footer .ad-with-label::before {
  border-right: 1px solid #fff;
  left: -15px;
  writing-mode: vertical-rl;
}
#springer-footer .ad-with-label::after {
  border-left: 1px solid #fff;
  right: -14px;
  writing-mode: vertical-lr;
}
#springer-footer .native-ad,
#springer-footer .native-ad__title {
  font-family: "Georgia";
}
#springer-footer .native-ad__title {
  font-weight: 400;
}
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu {
  background-color: #000 !important;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #2f2f2f !important;
  color: #eee !important;
  line-height: 1.2 !important;
  padding: 16px !important;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 539px) {
  #springer-footer .c-account-nav {
    position: initial !important;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu {
    max-width: initial !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    left: 0 !important;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu-header {
  font-size: 0.875rem !important;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
  border-color: #d5d5d5 !important;
  padding: 8px 8px 16px !important;
}
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__anchor.is-open::after {
  content: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg role='img' padding='3px 0' aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' height='17' viewBox='0 0 17 17' width='17' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23069' d='m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z' transform='matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/svg%3E") !important;
}
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu-header,
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu-list {
  margin: 0 -8px !important;
}
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu-item {
  padding: 8px !important;
}
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu-item a {
  color: inherit;
  font-size: 0.875rem !important;
  font-weight: 700 !important;
}
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu-item a.is-open {
  color: #069 !important;
  background-color: #eee !important;
  border-radius: 2px !important;
  text-decoration: none !important;
}
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu-item:first-of-type {
  padding-top: 16px !important;
}
#springer-footer .c-account-nav__menu-item:last-of-type {
  padding: 8px !important;
}
#springer-footer .c-card {
  display: flex;
  position: relative;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: space-between;
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  padding: 0;
  border: 0;
  box-shadow: none;
  overflow: hidden;
  color: inherit;
  gap: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-card__body,
#springer-footer .c-card__layout {
  gap: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-card__layout {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: space-between;
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}
#springer-footer .c-card__body {
  padding: 16px;
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}
#springer-footer .c-card__body .c-author-list {
  margin-top: auto;
}
#springer-footer .c-card__title {
  margin: 0;
  letter-spacing: -0.01875rem;
}
#springer-footer .c-card__summary {
  line-height: 1.4;
}
#springer-footer .c-card__summary > p {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .c-card__link:not(.c-card__link--no-block-link)::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-card--flush .c-card__body {
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-card--major {
  font-size: 1rem;
}
#springer-footer .c-card--dark {
  background-color: #29303c;
  color: #e3e4e5;
  border-width: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-card--dark .c-card__title {
  color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .app-featured-row {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .app-featured-row__item {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .app-featured-row__item .c-card__summary {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .app-featured-row__item .c-card__image {
  aspect-ratio: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-featured-row__item .c-card__image img,
#springer-footer .app-news-row__item .c-card__image img {
  border: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  height: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-featured-row__item--current-issue {
  padding-top: 16px;
  background-color: #eee;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1219px) {
  #springer-footer .app-featured-row__item--current-issue {
    width: 100%;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-featured-row__item--current-issue {
    padding-top: 0;
    background-color: transparent;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-featured-row__item--current-issue .c-card {
  max-width: 250px;
  margin: auto;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-featured-row {
    display: grid;
    grid-column-gap: 16px;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 1fr);
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) {
  #springer-footer .app-featured-row__item:not(.app-featured-row__item--current-issue) .c-card {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-featured-row__item:not(.app-featured-row__item--current-issue) .c-card__image {
    flex: 1 1 40%;
    max-width: 230px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-featured-row__item:not(.app-featured-row__item--current-issue) .c-card {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-featured-row__item:not(.app-featured-row__item--current-issue) .c-card__layout {
    gap: 24px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-featured-row__item:not(.app-featured-row__item--current-issue) .c-card .c-meta {
    flex: 0 0 230px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) {
  #springer-footer .app-featured-row__item:not(.app-featured-row__item--current-issue) .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-featured-row__item:not(.app-featured-row__item--current-issue) .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-featured-row__item:not(.app-featured-row__item--current-issue) .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: unset;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-news-row {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .app-news-row__item {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .app-news-row__item .c-card__summary {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .app-news-row__item .c-card__image {
  aspect-ratio: auto;
  align-self: flex-start;
}
#springer-footer .app-news-row__item .c-meta {
  margin-top: auto;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-news-row {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    grid-column-gap: 16px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-news-row {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 1fr);
    grid-template-rows: repeat(2, 1fr);
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-news-row__item:not(.app-news-row__item--major) .c-card__layout {
  flex-direction: row-reverse;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item:not(.app-news-row__item--major) .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item:not(.app-news-row__item--major) .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item:not(.app-news-row__item--major) .c-card {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item:not(.app-news-row__item--major) .c-card__image {
    flex: 1 1 40%;
    max-width: 230px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item:not(.app-news-row__item--major) .c-card {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item:not(.app-news-row__item--major) .c-card__layout {
    gap: 24px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item:not(.app-news-row__item--major) .c-card .c-meta {
    flex: 0 0 230px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-news-row__item--major .c-card__layout {
  flex-direction: column;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item--major .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item--major .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item--major {
    grid-column: 1/-1;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item--major {
    grid-column: 1/3;
    grid-row: 1/-1;
    border-bottom: none;
    padding-bottom: 0;
    display: flex;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item--major .c-card {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item--major .c-card__image {
    flex: 1 0 50%;
    max-width: 60%;
    overflow: hidden;
    min-height: 260px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item--major .c-card__image img {
    -o-object-fit: cover;
    object-fit: cover;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item--major .c-card {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item--major .c-card__layout {
    gap: 24px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-news-row__item--major .c-card .c-meta {
    flex: 0 0 230px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-news-row__item--major .c-card__image {
  align-self: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-news-row__item--major .c-card__image img {
  border: 0;
}
#springer-footer .app-three-item-row {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .app-three-item-row > * {
  max-width: none !important;
}
#springer-footer .app-three-item-row__item {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .app-three-item-row__item .c-card__summary {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .app-three-item-row__item .c-card__image {
  aspect-ratio: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item .c-card__image img,
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__side-item .c-card__image img,
#springer-footer .app-three-item-row__item .c-card__image img {
  border: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  height: auto;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-three-item-row {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    grid-column-gap: 16px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {
  #springer-footer .app-three-item-row__item .c-card {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-three-item-row__item .c-card__image {
    flex: 1 1 40%;
    max-width: 230px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-three-item-row__item .c-card {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-three-item-row__item .c-card__layout {
    gap: 24px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-three-item-row__item .c-card .c-meta {
    flex: 0 0 230px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__grid {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item .c-card__summary {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item .c-card__image {
  aspect-ratio: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__side {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__side-item {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__side-item .c-card__summary {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__side-item .c-card__image {
  aspect-ratio: auto;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 1fr);
    grid-column-gap: 16px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__main {
    grid-column: 1/5;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
    grid-column-gap: 16px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) {
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item:not(.app-reviews-row__item--major) .c-card {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item:not(.app-reviews-row__item--major) .c-card__image {
    flex: 1 1 40%;
    max-width: 230px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item:not(.app-reviews-row__item--major) .c-card {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item:not(.app-reviews-row__item--major) .c-card__layout {
    gap: 24px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item:not(.app-reviews-row__item--major) .c-card .c-meta {
    flex: 0 0 230px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) {
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item:not(.app-reviews-row__item--major) .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item:not(.app-reviews-row__item--major) .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item:not(.app-reviews-row__item--major) .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item--major {
    grid-column: 1/-1;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item--major .c-card {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item--major .c-card__image {
    flex: 1 0 50%;
    max-width: 60%;
    overflow: hidden;
    min-height: 260px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item--major .c-card__image img {
    -o-object-fit: cover;
    object-fit: cover;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item--major .c-card {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item--major .c-card__layout {
    gap: 24px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item--major .c-card .c-meta {
    flex: 0 0 230px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item--major .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item--major .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item--major .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__side {
    height: 100%;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-reviews-row__side-item {
    flex: 1;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item--major .c-meta,
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__item:not(.app-reviews-row__item--major) .c-meta,
#springer-footer .app-reviews-row__side-item .c-meta {
  margin-top: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-article-list-row {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .app-article-list-row__mpu {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .app-article-list-row__mpu {
    flex-wrap: nowrap;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-article-list-row__mpu > .c-card {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .app-article-list-row__mpu > .c-card {
    margin-right: 16px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-article-list-row__mpu > .c-ad.c-ad--300x250 {
  padding-top: 16px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .app-article-list-row__mpu > .c-ad.c-ad--300x250 {
    padding-top: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-article-list-row__item {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .app-article-list-row__item .c-card__summary {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .app-article-list-row__item .c-card__image {
  aspect-ratio: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card__image img,
#springer-footer .app-article-list-row__item .c-card__image img,
#springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-card__image img {
  border: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  height: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-article-list-row__item .c-card__layout {
  flex-direction: row-reverse;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-article-list-row__item .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-article-list-row__item .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-article-list-row__item .c-card {
  flex-direction: column;
}
#springer-footer .app-article-list-row__item .c-card__image {
  flex: 1 1 40%;
  max-width: 230px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-article-list-row__item .c-card {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-article-list-row__item .c-card__layout {
    gap: 24px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-article-list-row__item .c-card .c-meta {
    flex: 0 0 230px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card__image {
  aspect-ratio: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card__layout {
  flex-direction: row-reverse;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card {
  flex-direction: column;
}
#springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card__image {
  flex: 1 1 40%;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card__layout {
    gap: 24px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card .c-meta {
    flex: 0 0 230px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card__image {
  max-width: 300px;
}
#springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card__title {
  max-width: 750px;
}
#springer-footer .app-announcement-list-row__item .c-card__summary {
  max-width: 750px;
  font-size: 1rem;
}
#springer-footer .app-collections-row {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-collections-row {
    display: flex;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-collections-row__item {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-card__summary {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-card__image {
  aspect-ratio: auto;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-card {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-card {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-card__layout {
    gap: 24px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-card .c-meta {
    flex: 0 0 230px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-collections-row__item {
    margin-right: 16px;
    flex: 1 1 auto;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) {
  #springer-footer .app-collections-row__item {
    border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
    padding-bottom: 16px;
    margin-bottom: 16px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-card__image {
    flex: 1 1 auto;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-card__image > img {
    max-height: 250px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-collections-row__item .c-meta {
  margin-top: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-native-ad {
  font-family: "Georgia";
}
#springer-footer .app-native-ad .c-card {
  flex-direction: column;
}
#springer-footer .app-native-ad .c-card__image {
  flex: 1 1 40%;
  max-width: 230px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-native-ad .c-card {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-native-ad .c-card__layout {
    gap: 24px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-native-ad .c-card .c-meta {
    flex: 0 0 230px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-native-ad .c-card__layout {
  flex-direction: row-reverse;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-native-ad .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-native-ad .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-native-ad__content {
  border-top: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-top: 16px;
  margin-top: 16px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .app-native-ad__content .c-card__summary {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .app-native-ad__content .c-card__image {
  aspect-ratio: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__item .c-card__image img,
#springer-footer .app-native-ad__content .c-card__image img,
#springer-footer .app-subjects-row__item .c-card__image img {
  border: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  height: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-trending-row {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-trending-row {
    display: grid;
    grid-column-gap: 16px;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    row-gap: 16px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-trending-row .app-trending-row__item {
    margin-bottom: 0;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-trending-row {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-trending-row__item {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
  text-align: center;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {
  #springer-footer .app-trending-row__item:last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-trending-row__link {
  color: inherit;
  display: block;
}
#springer-footer .app-trending-row__link.hover,
#springer-footer .app-trending-row__link.visited,
#springer-footer .app-trending-row__link:hover,
#springer-footer .app-trending-row__link:visited {
  color: inherit;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {
  #springer-footer .app-careers-row {
    border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
    padding-bottom: 16px;
    margin-bottom: 16px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-careers-row {
    display: flex;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-careers-row__main {
    display: flex;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-careers-row__main {
    padding-right: 16px;
    flex-grow: 1;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-careers-row__block {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-careers-row__block {
    flex: 1 1 100%;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-careers-row__block:first-child {
    padding-right: 16px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-careers-row__block:only-child {
    padding-right: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-careers-row__listing {
  flex-grow: 1;
}
#springer-footer .app-careers-row__listing .c-list-group__item h4 {
  line-height: 1.5;
}
#springer-footer .app-subjects-row {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .app-subjects-row__item {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .app-subjects-row__item .c-card__summary {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .app-subjects-row__item .c-card__image {
  aspect-ratio: auto;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-subjects-row {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    grid-column-gap: 16px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-subjects-row {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 1fr);
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-subjects-row__item .c-card__layout {
  flex-direction: row-reverse;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-subjects-row__item .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-subjects-row__item .c-card__layout {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {
  #springer-footer .app-subjects-row__item .c-card {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-subjects-row__item .c-card__image {
    flex: 1 1 40%;
    max-width: 230px;
  }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-subjects-row__item .c-card {
    flex-direction: row-reverse;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-subjects-row__item .c-card__layout {
    gap: 24px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-subjects-row__item .c-card .c-meta {
    flex: 0 0 230px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor-row {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor-row__item {
  width: 100%;
  margin-bottom: 48px;
  text-align: center;
  padding: 0 32px;
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor-row__link {
  color: #626262;
  display: block;
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor-row__label {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  line-height: 1.25;
  margin: 0 0 16px;
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor-row__img {
  max-width: 180px;
  max-height: 78px;
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor-row__item:only-child {
  width: 100%;
}
#springer-footer .app-sponsor-row__item:only-child .app-sponsor-row__img {
  max-width: 300px;
  max-height: 130px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .app-sponsor-row__item {
    width: 50%;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-sponsor-row__item {
    width: 33.3333333333%;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-sponsor-row__item {
    width: 25%;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-membership-row {
  list-style: none;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  border-top: 1px solid #222;
  margin: 16px 0 0;
  padding: 16px 0 0;
}
#springer-footer .app-membership-row__item {
  flex: 1 1 50%;
  color: #626262;
}
#springer-footer .app-article-list-row__mpu > .c-ad.c-ad--300x250,
#springer-footer .app-careers-row > .c-ad.c-ad--300x250,
#springer-footer .app-collections-row > .c-ad.c-ad--300x250 {
  flex: 1 0 300px;
}
#springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row {
  padding: 16px;
  background-color: #eee;
  margin: 0 auto 30px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row {
    display: flex;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row .c-author-list {
  color: #555;
}
#springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__article-list {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__main {
    flex: 1 1 auto;
    padding-right: 16px;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__side {
    flex: 0 0 440px;
    max-width: 440px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__side img {
  max-width: 100%;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {
  #springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__side img {
    display: block;
    margin: 0 auto;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__buttons {
  margin-top: 16px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__buttons {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__item {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__item .c-card__summary {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
}
#springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__item .c-card__image {
  aspect-ratio: auto;
}
#springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__button {
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__button {
    flex: 0 0 50%;
    max-width: 50%;
    margin-bottom: 0;
  }
  #springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__button:not(:only-child):not(:last-child) {
    margin-right: 8px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row__image {
  box-shadow: 0 0 5px 0 rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.5);
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .app-latest-issue-row--by-3 .app-latest-issue-row__button {
    flex: 0 0 32%;
    max-width: 32%;
  }
}
#springer-footer .app-primeview {
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  width: 100%;
  background-color: #eee;
  border: 1px solid #eee;
  padding: 8px;
  transition: 0.25s ease, background-color 0.25s ease;
}
#springer-footer .app-primeview:hover {
  background-color: #d5d5d5;
}
#springer-footer .app-primeview__link {
  text-decoration: underline;
}
#springer-footer .app-primeview__link::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0;
}
#springer-footer .app-primeview__main {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  min-width: 1px;
}
#springer-footer .app-primeview__side {
  flex: 0 0 120px;
  max-width: 120px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__item--snid-account-widget {
  display: flex;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__item--snid-account-widget .c-header__link--notifications {
  display: none;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__item--snid-account-widget .c-header__link--notifications {
    display: inline-block;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-header__item--snid-account-widget .c-header__link--notifications {
  position: relative;
  margin-right: 10px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__item--snid-account-widget .c-header__notification-count {
  top: 0;
  right: -18px;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__item--snid-account-widget .c-header__link--notifications + .c-account-nav {
    margin-left: 8px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-header__item--snid-account-widget .c-account-nav__anchor.eds-c-header__link::after {
  margin: 0;
  line-height: 1;
  height: 17px;
  content: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg role='img' padding='3px 0' aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' height='17' viewBox='0 0 17 17' width='17' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23222' d='m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z' transform='matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/svg%3E");
  transform: rotate(0deg);
}
#springer-footer .c-header__item--snid-account-widget .c-account-nav__anchor.is-open::after {
  transform: rotate(180deg);
  -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg) translateZ(0);
}
#springer-footer .c-header__container {
  padding: 0 4px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__list {
  padding: 0 12px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__menu .c-header__link {
  font-size: 14px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__item--snid-account-widget .c-header__link {
  padding: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .c-header__menu--journal {
  margin-left: 0;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .c-header__container {
    padding: 0 16px;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-header__menu--journal {
    margin-left: -8px;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-header__menu .c-header__link {
    font-size: 16px;
  }
  #springer-footer .c-header__link--search {
    gap: 13px;
  }
}
#springer-footer .c-collection-editors {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .c-collection-editor__popup h3,
#springer-footer .c-collection-editors__ampersand,
#springer-footer .c-collection-editors__comma {
  display: none;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-collection-editors__ampersand,
#springer-footer .js .c-collection-editors__comma,
#springer-footer .js .c-collection-editors__item {
  display: inline-block;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-collection-editors__name-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  flex: 0 1 auto;
}
#springer-footer .c-collection-editors__name a {
  word-wrap: break-word;
  overflow-wrap: break-word;
  word-break: break-word;
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: 0.0625rem;
  text-underline-offset: 0.08em;
}
#springer-footer .c-collection-editors__name a:hover {
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: 0.3875rem;
  text-underline-offset: 0.08em;
}
#springer-footer .c-collection-editors__image {
  margin-right: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  width: 64px;
  height: 64px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  -o-object-fit: cover;
  object-fit: cover;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-popup.c-collection-editor__popup,
#springer-footer .u-button {
  font-size: 1rem;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-collection-editor__popup h3 {
  display: block;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .js .c-collection-editor__popup p {
  margin: 0;
  white-space: pre-line;
}
#springer-footer .u-button {
  align-items: center;
  cursor: pointer;
  display: inline-flex;
  margin: 0;
  position: relative;
  text-decoration: none;
  width: auto;
  font-family: sans-serif;
  line-height: 1.3;
  justify-content: center;
  padding: 8px;
  transition: 0.25s ease, color 0.25s ease, border-color 0.25s ease;
  border-radius: 2px;
  background-color: transparent;
  background-image: none;
}
#springer-footer .u-button,
#springer-footer .u-button:visited {
  color: #069;
}
#springer-footer .u-button,
#springer-footer .u-button:hover {
  border: 1px solid #069;
}
#springer-footer .u-button:focus {
  border: 1px solid #069;
}
#springer-footer .u-button:focus,
#springer-footer .u-button:hover {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #069;
  background-image: none;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--primary {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #069;
  background-image: none;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--primary:visited {
  color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--primary,
#springer-footer .u-button--primary:hover {
  border: 1px solid #069;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--primary:focus {
  border: 1px solid #069;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--primary:focus,
#springer-footer .u-button--primary:hover {
  color: #069;
  background-color: #fff;
  background-image: none;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--primary:focus svg path,
#springer-footer .u-button--primary:hover svg path {
  fill: #069;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--contrast {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: transparent;
  background-image: none;
  font-weight: 400;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--contrast:visited {
  color: #fff;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--contrast,
#springer-footer .u-button--contrast:hover {
  border: 1px solid #fff;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--contrast:focus {
  border: 1px solid #fff;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--contrast:focus,
#springer-footer .u-button--contrast:hover {
  color: #000;
  background-color: #fff;
  background-image: none;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--contrast:focus svg path,
#springer-footer .u-button--contrast:hover svg path {
  fill: #000;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--disabled,
#springer-footer .u-button:disabled {
  color: #222;
  background-color: transparent;
  background-image: none;
  border: 1px solid #eee;
  opacity: 0.7;
  cursor: default;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--disabled svg,
#springer-footer .u-button:disabled svg {
  fill: currentColor;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--disabled:visited,
#springer-footer .u-button:disabled:visited {
  color: #222;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--disabled:hover,
#springer-footer .u-button:disabled:hover {
  border: 1px solid #eee;
  text-decoration: none;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--disabled:focus,
#springer-footer .u-button:disabled:focus {
  border: 1px solid #eee;
  text-decoration: none;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--disabled:focus,
#springer-footer .u-button--disabled:hover,
#springer-footer .u-button:disabled:focus,
#springer-footer .u-button:disabled:hover {
  color: #222;
  background-color: transparent;
  background-image: none;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--disabled:focus svg path,
#springer-footer .u-button--disabled:hover svg path,
#springer-footer .u-button:disabled:focus svg path,
#springer-footer .u-button:disabled:hover svg path {
  fill: #222;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--small,
#springer-footer .u-button--xsmall {
  font-size: 0.875rem;
  padding: 2px;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--small {
  padding: inherit;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--large {
  font-size: 1.125rem;
  padding: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--full-width {
  display: flex;
  width: 100%;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--icon-left svg {
  margin-right: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .u-button--icon-right svg {
  margin-left: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .u-clearfix::after,
#springer-footer .u-clearfix::before {
  content: "";
  display: table;
}
#springer-footer .u-clearfix::after {
  clear: both;
}
#springer-footer .u-color-open-access {
  color: #b74616;
}
#springer-footer .u-color-inherit {
  color: inherit;
}
#springer-footer .u-container {
  margin: 0 auto;
  max-width: 1280px;
  padding: 0 16px;
}
#springer-footer .u-display-block {
  display: block;
}
#springer-footer .u-display-inline,
#springer-footer .u-list-comma-separated > li,
#springer-footer .u-list-inline > li {
  display: inline;
}
#springer-footer .u-display-inline-block {
  display: inline-block;
}
#springer-footer .u-display-flex {
  display: flex;
  width: 100%;
}
#springer-footer .u-display-inline-flex {
  display: inline-flex;
}
#springer-footer .u-display-grid {
  display: grid;
}
#springer-footer .u-display-table {
  display: table;
}
#springer-footer .u-flex-direction-row {
  flex-direction: row;
}
#springer-footer .u-flex-direction-column {
  flex-direction: column;
}
#springer-footer .u-flex-wrap {
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}
#springer-footer .u-align-items-center {
  align-items: center;
}
#springer-footer .u-align-items-baseline {
  align-items: baseline;
}
#springer-footer .u-justify-content-space-between {
  justify-content: space-between;
}
#springer-footer .u-justify-content-center {
  justify-content: center;
}
#springer-footer .u-justify-content-left {
  justify-content: left;
}
#springer-footer .u-flex-grow {
  flex: 1 0 auto;
}
#springer-footer .u-flex-grow-shrink {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}
#springer-footer .u-flex-shrink {
  flex: 0 1 auto;
}
#springer-footer .u-flex-static {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}
#springer-footer .u-align-self-center {
  align-self: center;
}
#springer-footer .u-align-self-start {
  align-self: flex-start;
}
#springer-footer .u-align-self-end {
  align-self: flex-end;
}
#springer-footer .u-display-none {
  display: none;
}
#springer-footer .js .u-js-hide,
#springer-footer .u-hide {
  display: none;
  visibility: hidden;
}
#springer-footer .js .u-js-hide:first-child + *,
#springer-footer .u-hide:first-child + * {
  -webkit-margin-before: 0;
  margin-block-start: 0;
}
#springer-footer .js .u-js-show,
#springer-footer .u-show {
  display: block;
  visibility: visible;
}
#springer-footer .js .u-js-show-inline,
#springer-footer .u-show-inline {
  display: inline;
  visibility: visible;
}
#springer-footer .js .u-js-visually-hidden,
#springer-footer .u-visually-hidden {
  border: 0;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  height: 1px;
  margin: -100%;
  overflow: hidden;
  padding: 0;
  position: absolute !important;
  width: 1px;
}
#springer-footer .js .u-js-visually-hidden--off,
#springer-footer .u-visually-hidden--off {
  border: 0;
  clip: initial;
  height: auto;
  margin: 0;
  overflow: auto;
  padding: 0;
  position: relative;
  width: auto;
}
#springer-footer .u-invisible {
  visibility: hidden;
}
#springer-footer .js .u-js-hide-text,
#springer-footer .u-hide-text {
  text-indent: 100%;
  white-space: nowrap;
  overflow: hidden;
  direction: ltr;
  vertical-align: bottom;
}
#springer-footer .u-hide-overflow {
  overflow: hidden;
}
@media print {
  #springer-footer .u-hide-print {
    display: none;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 320px) {
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-hide-at-xs,
  #springer-footer .u-hide-at-xs {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden;
  }
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-hide-at-xs:first-child + *,
  #springer-footer .u-hide-at-xs:first-child + * {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0;
  }
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-show-at-xs,
  #springer-footer .u-show-at-xs {
    display: block;
    visibility: visible;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 540px) {
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-hide-at-sm,
  #springer-footer .u-hide-at-sm {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden;
  }
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-hide-at-sm:first-child + *,
  #springer-footer .u-hide-at-sm:first-child + * {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0;
  }
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-show-at-sm,
  #springer-footer .u-show-at-sm {
    display: block;
    visibility: visible;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-hide-at-md,
  #springer-footer .u-hide-at-md {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden;
  }
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-hide-at-md:first-child + *,
  #springer-footer .u-hide-at-md:first-child + * {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0;
  }
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-show-at-md,
  #springer-footer .u-show-at-md {
    display: block;
    visibility: visible;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-hide-at-lg,
  #springer-footer .u-hide-at-lg {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden;
  }
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-hide-at-lg:first-child + *,
  #springer-footer .u-hide-at-lg:first-child + * {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0;
  }
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-show-at-lg,
  #springer-footer .u-show-at-lg {
    display: block;
    visibility: visible;
  }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1220px) {
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-hide-at-xl,
  #springer-footer .u-hide-at-xl {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden;
  }
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-hide-at-xl:first-child + *,
  #springer-footer .u-hide-at-xl:first-child + * {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0;
  }
  #springer-footer .js .u-js-show-at-xl,
  #springer-footer .u-show-at-xl {
    display: block;
    visibility: visible;
  }
}
#springer-footer .u-icon {
  fill: currentColor;
  transform: translate(0, 0);
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: text-top;
  width: 1em;
  height: 1em;
}
#springer-footer .u-full-height {
  height: 100%;
}
#springer-footer .u-vertical-align-baseline {
  vertical-align: baseline;
}
#springer-footer .u-vertical-align-top {
  vertical-align: top;
}
#springer-footer .u-vertical-align-bottom {
  vertical-align: bottom;
}
#springer-footer .u-vertical-align-middle {
  vertical-align: middle;
}
#springer-footer .u-link-inherit,
#springer-footer .u-link-inherit.hover,
#springer-footer .u-link-inherit.visited,
#springer-footer .u-link-inherit:hover,
#springer-footer .u-link-inherit:visited {
  color: inherit;
}
#springer-footer .u-link-underline {
  text-decoration: underline;
}
#springer-footer .u-link-faux-block::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  right: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-list-style-number {
  list-style-type: decimal;
}
#springer-footer .u-list-style-bullet {
  list-style-type: disc;
}
#springer-footer .u-list-style-dash > ::marker {
  content: "– ";
  font-size: 1.2em;
  line-height: 1;
}
#springer-footer .u-list-style-none {
  list-style-type: none;
}
#springer-footer .u-list-inline,
#springer-footer .u-list-reset {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-custom-list-number {
  float: left;
  width: 3em;
  padding-right: 0.5em;
  margin-left: -3.5em;
  text-align: right;
}
#springer-footer .u-list-comma-separated {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-list-comma-separated > li:not(:first-child):not(:last-child)::before {
  content: ", ";
}
#springer-footer .u-list-comma-separated > li:not(:only-child):last-child::before {
  content: " & ";
}
#springer-footer .u-list-truncated > li:not(:only-child):last-child::before {
  content: " ... ";
}
#springer-footer .u-overflow-hidden {
  overflow: hidden;
}
#springer-footer .u-overflow-visible {
  overflow: visible;
}
#springer-footer .u-position-absolute {
  position: absolute;
}
#springer-footer .u-position-relative {
  position: relative;
}
#springer-footer .u-position-top {
  top: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-position-left {
  left: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-position-bottom {
  bottom: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-position-right {
  right: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-position-negative-right {
  right: 100%;
}
#springer-footer .u-keyline,
#springer-footer .u-keyline--thick {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5d5d5;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .u-keyline--thick {
  border-bottom: 2px solid #d5d5d5;
}
#springer-footer .u-shadow {
  border: 1px solid #eee;
  box-shadow: 5px 5px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
}
#springer-footer .u-button-reset {
  background-color: transparent;
  border: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-monospace {
  font-family: monospace;
}
#springer-footer .u-sans-serif {
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
}
#springer-footer .u-serif {
  font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif;
}
#springer-footer .u-small-caps {
  font-size: 0.8em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
#springer-footer .u-text-right {
  text-align: right;
}
#springer-footer .u-text-left {
  text-align: left;
}
#springer-footer .u-text-center {
  text-align: center;
}
#springer-footer .u-text-normal {
  font-weight: 400;
}
#springer-footer .u-text-bold {
  font-weight: 700;
}
#springer-footer .u-double-underline {
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-skip: ink;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;
  border-bottom: 1px solid;
}
#springer-footer .u-text-font-smoothing {
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}
#springer-footer .u-word-wrap {
  word-wrap: break-word;
  overflow-wrap: break-word;
  word-break: break-word;
}
#springer-footer .u-upper {
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
#springer-footer .u-lower {
  text-transform: lowercase;
}
#springer-footer .u-capitalize {
  text-transform: capitalize;
}
#springer-footer .u-underline {
  text-decoration: underline;
  -webkit-text-decoration-skip: ink;
  text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;
}
#springer-footer .u-unstyled {
  font-weight: 400;
  font-style: normal;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 539px) {
  #springer-footer .u-hide-sm-max {
    display: none;
    visibility: hidden;
  }
  #springer-footer .u-hide-sm-max:first-child + * {
    -webkit-margin-before: 0;
    margin-block-start: 0;
  }
}
#springer-footer .u-show-lg {
  display: none;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
  #springer-footer .u-show-lg {
    display: block;
  }
}
#springer-footer .u-ma-0 {
  margin: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-ma-2 {
  margin: 2px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ma-4 {
  margin: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ma-8 {
  margin: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ma-16 {
  margin: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ma-24 {
  margin: 24px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ma-32 {
  margin: 32px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ma-48 {
  margin: 48px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ma-64 {
  margin: 64px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ma-auto {
  margin: auto;
}
#springer-footer .u-mt-0 {
  margin-top: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-mt-2 {
  margin-top: 2px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mt-4 {
  margin-top: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mt-8 {
  margin-top: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mt-16 {
  margin-top: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mt-24 {
  margin-top: 24px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mt-32 {
  margin-top: 32px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mt-48 {
  margin-top: 48px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mt-64 {
  margin-top: 64px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mt-auto {
  margin-top: auto;
}
#springer-footer .u-mr-0 {
  margin-right: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-mr-2 {
  margin-right: 2px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mr-4 {
  margin-right: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mr-8 {
  margin-right: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mr-16 {
  margin-right: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mr-24 {
  margin-right: 24px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mr-32 {
  margin-right: 32px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mr-48 {
  margin-right: 48px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mr-64 {
  margin-right: 64px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mr-auto {
  margin-right: auto;
}
#springer-footer .u-mb-0 {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-mb-2 {
  margin-bottom: 2px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mb-4 {
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mb-8 {
  margin-bottom: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mb-16 {
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mb-24 {
  margin-bottom: 24px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mb-32 {
  margin-bottom: 32px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mb-48 {
  margin-bottom: 48px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mb-64 {
  margin-bottom: 64px;
}
#springer-footer .u-mb-auto {
  margin-bottom: auto;
}
#springer-footer .u-ml-0 {
  margin-left: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-ml-2 {
  margin-left: 2px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ml-4 {
  margin-left: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ml-8 {
  margin-left: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ml-16 {
  margin-left: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ml-24 {
  margin-left: 24px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ml-32 {
  margin-left: 32px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ml-48 {
  margin-left: 48px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ml-64 {
  margin-left: 64px;
}
#springer-footer .u-ml-auto {
  margin-left: auto;
}
#springer-footer .u-pa-0 {
  padding: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-pa-2 {
  padding: 2px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pa-4 {
  padding: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pa-8 {
  padding: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pa-16 {
  padding: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pa-24 {
  padding: 24px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pa-32 {
  padding: 32px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pa-48 {
  padding: 48px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pa-64 {
  padding: 64px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pt-0 {
  padding-top: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-pt-2 {
  padding-top: 2px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pt-4 {
  padding-top: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pt-8 {
  padding-top: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pt-16 {
  padding-top: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pt-24 {
  padding-top: 24px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pt-32 {
  padding-top: 32px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pt-48 {
  padding-top: 48px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pt-64 {
  padding-top: 64px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pr-0 {
  padding-right: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-pr-2 {
  padding-right: 2px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pr-4 {
  padding-right: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pr-8 {
  padding-right: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pr-16 {
  padding-right: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pr-24 {
  padding-right: 24px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pr-32 {
  padding-right: 32px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pr-48 {
  padding-right: 48px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pr-64 {
  padding-right: 64px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pb-0 {
  padding-bottom: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-pb-2 {
  padding-bottom: 2px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pb-4 {
  padding-bottom: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pb-8 {
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pb-16 {
  padding-bottom: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pb-24 {
  padding-bottom: 24px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pb-32 {
  padding-bottom: 32px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pb-48 {
  padding-bottom: 48px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pb-64 {
  padding-bottom: 64px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pl-0 {
  padding-left: 0;
}
#springer-footer .u-pl-2 {
  padding-left: 2px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pl-4 {
  padding-left: 4px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pl-8 {
  padding-left: 8px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pl-16 {
  padding-left: 16px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pl-24 {
  padding-left: 24px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pl-32 {
  padding-left: 32px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pl-48 {
  padding-left: 48px;
}
#springer-footer .u-pl-64 {
  padding-left: 64px;
}
#springer-footer .grade-c-hide {
  display: block;
}